![]() Higher numbers of ir-cells were observed in all the three nuclei associated with vision in the month of September, which is the peak breeding window of Spotted Munia. The immunoreactivity (ir) of NPY varies during different times of the year in the HA (hyperpallium apicale), HP (hippocampus), RoT (nucleus rotundus), TeO (optic tectum), and GLv (geniculatus lateralis ventralis). NPY, an orexigenic, nonphotic neuropeptide is found in various areas of the brain in birds and other vertebrates, and is associated with numerous functions. At a physiological level, their body mass, food intake, glucose levels, and testicular volume, and at a neurochemical level, the expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in brain areas associated with vision, were observed. ![]() In the current study, Spotted Munia were procured from the wild at different times of the year. ![]() Vision plays a prominent role during the reproductive phase of the lives of animals, and especially birds, for which vision is the most important and energy-demanding physiological process.
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